XNYS • Consumer

Penske Automotive Group, Inc. (PAG)

RETAIL-AUTO DEALERS & GASOLINE STATIONS · 2555 TELEGRAPH RD, BLOOMFIELD HILLS, MI, 48302-0954

XNYSstockActive listing
212.00
-0.42 (-0.20%)
Quote updated 10/19/2026, 4:00:00 AM
Previous close212.42
Open212.00
Day range211.74 – 212.71
52-week range140.12 – 227.00
Volume741,679
Market cap12.9B
PRICE HISTORY

Stock price history and performance

Daily closing prices from the stored market history.

250 sessions
$230$206$182$158$134Oct 21Apr 21Oct 19
STOCK RESEARCH · EDITORIAL ANALYSIS

Penske Automotive Group, Inc. (PAG): Investment Research & Business Outlook

A research-led explanation of the company, its financial evidence, valuation context and risks—not just a list of market numbers.

Research note

What the available evidence tells us

The latest stored quote for Penske Automotive Group, Inc. (PAG) is 212.00, timestamped 10/19/2026, 4:00:00 AM. A quote is a point-in-time observation; it does not, by itself, explain why the price moved or establish whether the shares are attractive.

Business and financial quality

Penske Automotive Group operates in 19 US states and overseas. It has about 150 US and Puerto Rico light-vehicle stores as well as 217 franchised dealerships overseas, primarily in the United Kingdom but also in Australia, Germany, Italy, and Japan. The company is the third-largest US publicly traded dealership in terms of light-vehicle revenue and sells more than 40 brands, with over 90% of retail automotive revenue coming from luxury and import names. Other segments are service and finance and insurance. The firm's Premier Truck Group owns 45 truck dealerships selling mostly Freightliner and Western Star brands, and Penske owns 15 used-vehicle stores, mostly in the US and UK under the CarShop (US) and Sytner Select (UK) brands. Penske is based in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Stored fundamentals include 37 usable headline metrics. These should be read across several reporting periods and compared with peers before drawing a conclusion about business quality.

Valuation: context matters

The stored trailing P/E ratio is 52.33. P/E compares a company’s share price with its earnings, but it should be interpreted alongside expected growth, earnings quality, cyclicality and comparable companies.

Price trend and quantitative outlook

The chart is based on 250 stored daily price observations. Historical performance describes what happened over that period; it is not a guarantee of future returns. The current stored quantitative model signal is “neutral”. Treat model outputs as scenarios with uncertainty, not as certain targets or personalized advice.

Key risks and what to watch next

Risk records exist for this company; review the risk and performance section below for the available volatility, drawdown and risk-adjusted measures. The next useful evidence to review is the company’s next reported financial results, changes in forward estimates, and primary-source disclosures.

Editorial integrity: this summary uses fields available in the current database. Missing evidence is called out rather than filled with invented facts.

What the numbers mean for investors

Business quality

Reported revenue growth is +5.98%. Growth is encouraging, but investors should confirm it is recurring and understand what product, geography or customer group is driving it.

Profitability

Gross margin is +15.94% and operating margin is +3.97%. The gap helps show how much operating costs absorb after direct costs; compare the trend with prior periods and sector peers.

Valuation

The stored P/E is 52.33. A multiple is not a verdict by itself: interpret it alongside expected earnings growth, cyclicality, cash flow, and comparable companies.

Price trend

The latest quote can be compared with the 20-, 50- and 200-day moving averages (203.15, 211.47, and 180.53). Moving averages describe trend, not intrinsic value, and can lag sudden market changes.

Bull case, bear case and evidence to watch

Bull case

The stored snapshot combines positive revenue growth with positive free cash flow. If future reports sustain both, it would support—but not guarantee—the case for durable business momentum.

Bear case

The stored P/E of 52.33 means expectations matter: a slowdown, weaker margins or downward earnings revisions could pressure the valuation.

What to watch next

Track the next earnings release, changes in revenue and margin trends, cash flow, management guidance, analyst estimate revisions, and primary-source filings. Update the thesis when new evidence arrives rather than relying on one ratio or forecast.

These interpretations are rule-based explanations of the stored fields, not independently verified company-specific forecasts. Missing data is not treated as zero; all investment cases remain conditional on new evidence.

US Market AI Research Desk · Data/research timestamp: Oct 19, 2026 · Methodology & disclaimer
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Stock forecast and analysis: price outlook

Forecasts are model outputs, not promises or personalized investment advice.

neutral
HorizonModel targetExpected changeSignalConfidence score
24H212.88+0.41%neutral82
7D215.28+1.55%bullish82
30D220.80+4.15%bullish82
90D229.32+8.17%bullish82

Long-term model scenarios

Latest stored scenario per future target year. Bear, base and bull prices are model scenarios, not guaranteed targets. The relative model score is not a calibrated probability; uncertainty rises materially for distant years.

Target yearBase caseBear caseBull caseExpected CAGRRelative model scoreSignal
2027200.88200.54201.223.43%71long-term-positive
2030223.80218.75228.953.61%70long-term-positive
2035271.46248.52296.263.79%69long-term-positive
2040331.28280.04391.113.89%66long-term-positive
2050494.16354.80685.163.97%62long-term-positive
COMPANY FUNDAMENTALS

Financial performance and company fundamentals

Reported fields from the current fundamentals snapshot.

Revenue8.51BTotal sales reported for the period; compare growth across several periods.
Revenue growth+5.98%How quickly sales are expanding or contracting versus the comparison period.
Gross profit1.36BInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Operating income337.6MInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Net income261.2MInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
EPS (reported period)3.96Earnings per share for the stored reporting period; confirm whether the figure is quarterly, annual or trailing twelve months before comparing it with valuation multiples.
EPS growth-1.74%Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Gross margin+15.94%Share of revenue left after direct costs; higher margins can indicate pricing power.
Operating margin+3.97%Share of revenue left after operating expenses, before interest and taxes.
Net margin+3.07%Share of revenue that remains as profit after expenses and taxes.
EBITDA383MInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
EBIT626.6MInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Cash & equivalents69.5MInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Total assets18.49BInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Total liabilities12.65BInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Total debt0Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Shareholders equity5.83BInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Current assets6.51BInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Current liabilities6.67BInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Operating cash flow204.1MInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Capital expenditure72.3MInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Free cash flow131.8MCash remaining after operating needs and capital expenditure; can support investment or shareholder returns.
FCF margin+1.55%Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Return on equity+4.48%Profit generated relative to book equity; leverage and one-off gains can distort it.
Return on assets+1.41%Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Return on invested capital+10.87%How effectively the business earns returns on capital used in operations.
Return on capital employed+5.31%Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Debt / equity0Debt relative to shareholder equity; definitions may vary by data provider.
Price / sales1.53Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Price / book2.23Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
EV / revenue1.51Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
EV / EBITDA33.5Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Price / FCF103.41Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Earnings yield+7.31%Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Shares outstanding65,770,606Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Book value / share88.69Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
FCF / share2.00Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Market cap12.9BMarket value of outstanding shares, not the same as enterprise value.
P/E ratio52.33Share price relative to earnings per share; interpret alongside growth and peers.
52-week high227.00Highest stored price over the rolling year; not a fair-value estimate.
52-week low140.12Lowest stored price over the rolling year; not a support guarantee.
Average volume741,679Typical shares traded; helps assess liquidity but can change around events.
TECHNICALS

Technical indicators

Latest stored daily indicator snapshot; unavailable indicators are omitted.

Oct 20, 2026
RSI (14)58.99Momentum oscillator from 0–100; extreme readings are context, not automatic buy/sell signals.
SMA 20203.15Average closing price over about 20 trading sessions; a short-term trend reference.
SMA 50211.47Average closing price over about 50 sessions; often used to assess medium-term direction.
SMA 100201.35Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
SMA 200180.53Average closing price over about 200 sessions; a longer-term trend reference.
EMA 20204.79Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
EMA 50206.22Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
EMA 200189.30Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
MACD-1.43Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
MACD signal-3.26Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
MACD histogram1.82Difference between MACD and its signal line; sign and changes indicate momentum shifts.
Bollinger upper215.78Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Bollinger middle203.15Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Bollinger lower190.51Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Stochastic95.18Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Stochastic signal97.14422786431582Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Williams %R-4.82Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
CCI101.02Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
MFI64.16Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
ROC+4.52%Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
OBV-745.9KInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Momentum5.69Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Volatility+36.60%Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
ATR4.31Average true range estimates recent price movement size, not direction.
ADX64.38Measures trend strength, not whether the trend is bullish or bearish.
Support level192.25Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
Resistance level215.51Interpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
TrendbullishInterpret alongside the company’s history, sector peers, reporting period and data source.
REPORTED RESULTS

Financial statements, earnings history and estimate revisions

Recent normalized financial statement records.

Showing up to 60 recent statement records. Reported periods and statement types are preserved; blank values are not estimated. Contradictory zero sentinels are withheld instead of presented as verified facts.

PeriodStatementFiscal periodBasisRevenueCost of revenueGross profitOperating incomeNet incomeBasic EPSDiluted EPSCashTotal assetsTotal liabilitiesDebtEquityOperating cash flowCapexFree cash flowSource
Jun 30, 2026balance sheetFY-2026-Q2quarterly———————69.5M18.49B12.65B05.83B———3spread
Jun 30, 2026cash flowFY-2026-Q2quarterly————————————204.1M72.3M131.8M3spread
Jun 30, 2026cash flowFY-2026-Q2annual————————————419.1M134.9M284.2M3spread
Jun 30, 2026income statementFY-2026-Q2annual16.38B—2.66B626.6M496.1M7.537.52————————3spread
Jun 30, 2026income statementFY-2026-Q2quarterly8.51B-7.16B1.36B337.6M261.2M3.963.96————————3spread
Mar 31, 2026balance sheetFY-2026-Q1quarterly———————83.7M18.32B12.64B05.68B———3spread
Mar 31, 2026cash flowFY-2026-Q1quarterly————————————215M62.6M152.4M3spread
Mar 31, 2026income statementFY-2026-Q1quarterly7.86B—1.3B289M234.9M3.563.56————————3spread
Dec 31, 2025balance sheetFY-2025-Q4quarterly———————64.7M17.6B12.02B05.58B———3spread
Dec 31, 2025cash flowFY-2025-Q4annual————————————975.1M324.6M650.5M3spread
Dec 31, 2025cash flowFY-2025-Q4quarterly————————————123.2M98.1M25.1M3spread
Dec 31, 2025income statementFY-2025-Q4quarterly8.85B—1.4B318.3M228.5M3.453.45————————3spread
Dec 31, 2025income statementFY-2025-Q4annual31.81B—5.22B1.28B937.9M14.1314.13————————3spread
Sep 30, 2025balance sheetFY-2025-Q3quarterly———————80.3M17.12B11.39B05.73B———3spread
Sep 30, 2025cash flowFY-2025-Q3quarterly————————————379.5M79.1M300.4M3spread
Sep 30, 2025income statementFY-2025-Q3quarterly22.96B—3.81B962.4M709.4M10.6710.66————————3spread
Jun 30, 2025balance sheetFY-2025-Q2quarterly———————155.3M17.39B11.76B05.63B———3spread
Jun 30, 2025cash flowFY-2025-Q2annual————————————500.2M157.6M342.6M3spread
Jun 30, 2025cash flowFY-2025-Q2quarterly————————————189.7M70.8M118.9M3spread
Jun 30, 2025income statementFY-2025-Q2annual15.99B—2.67B694.7M525.9M7.897.89————————3spread
Jun 30, 2025income statementFY-2025-Q2quarterly8.03B—1.35B365.3M267.5M4.034.03————————3spread
Mar 31, 2025balance sheetFY-2025-Q1quarterly———————118.4M16.93B11.52B05.41B———3spread
Mar 31, 2025cash flowFY-2025-Q1quarterly————————————291M84.7M206.3M3spread
Mar 31, 2025income statementFY-2025-Q1quarterly7.95B—1.32B329.4M258.4M3.863.86————————3spread
Dec 31, 2024balance sheetFY-2024-Q4quarterly———————83.6M17.12B11.7B05.42B———3spread
Dec 31, 2024cash flowFY-2024-Q4quarterly————————————217.7M86.1M131.6M3spread
Dec 31, 2024cash flowFY-2024-Q4annual————————————1.23B377.8M852.8M3spread
Dec 31, 2024income statementFY-2024-Q4annual31.86B—5.22B1.37B973.4M14.4914.49————————3spread
Dec 31, 2024income statementFY-2024-Q4quarterly7.72B—1.26B333.8M237.3M3.533.53————————3spread
Sep 30, 2024balance sheetFY-2024-Q3quarterly———————91.9M17.07B11.83B05.23B———3spread
Sep 30, 2024cash flowFY-2024-Q3quarterly————————————271M80.9M190.1M3spread
Sep 30, 2024income statementFY-2024-Q3quarterly7.59B—1.24B317.4M227M3.393.39————————3spread
Jun 30, 2024balance sheetFY-2024-Q2quarterly———————115.1M16.63B11.65B04.99B———3spread
Jun 30, 2024cash flowFY-2024-Q2annual————————————691.1M201.7M489.4M3spread
Jun 30, 2024cash flowFY-2024-Q2quarterly————————————235.1M99.2M135.9M3spread
Jun 30, 2024income statementFY-2024-Q2quarterly7.7B—1.26B338M242.9M3.613.61————————3spread
Jun 30, 2024income statementFY-2024-Q2annual15.14B—2.51B665.6M459.1M6.816.81————————3spread
Mar 31, 2024balance sheetFY-2024-Q1quarterly———————116.9M16.15B11.3B04.85B———3spread
Mar 31, 2024cash flowFY-2024-Q1quarterly————————————456M102.5M353.5M3spread
Mar 31, 2024income statementFY-2024-Q1quarterly7.45B—1.25B327.6M216.2M3.213.21————————3spread
Dec 31, 2023balance sheetFY-2023-Q4quarterly———————96.4M15.67B10.92B04.76B———3spread
Dec 31, 2023cash flowFY-2023-Q4quarterly————————————0103.2M-103.2M3spread
Dec 31, 2023cash flowFY-2023-Q4annual————————————1.15B386M759.2M3spread
Dec 31, 2023income statementFY-2023-Q4annual30.92B—5.15B1.41B1.11B16.3116.31————————3spread
Dec 31, 2023income statementFY-2023-Q4quarterly7.27B—1.19B265.7M192M2.812.81————————3spread
Sep 30, 2023balance sheetFY-2023-Q3quarterly———————104.4M14.81B10.26B04.55B———3spread
Sep 30, 2023cash flowFY-2023-Q3quarterly————————————1.02B272.1M750.1M3spread
Sep 30, 2023income statementFY-2023-Q3quarterly7.45B—1.22B331.5M264.4M3.923.92————————3spread
Jun 30, 2023balance sheetFY-2023-Q2quarterly———————119.6M14.8B10.39B04.41B———3spread
Jun 30, 2023cash flowFY-2023-Q2annual————————————604.5M185.5M419M3spread
Jun 30, 2023cash flowFY-2023-Q2quarterly————————————293.3M83.1M210.2M3spread
Jun 30, 2023income statementFY-2023-Q2annual14.81B—2.53B754.3M602.2M8.728.72————————3spread
Jun 30, 2023income statementFY-2023-Q2quarterly7.47B—1.27B380.8M302.6M4.414.41————————3spread
Mar 31, 2023balance sheetFY-2023-Q1quarterly———————100.6M14.4B10.04B04.35B———3spread
Mar 31, 2023cash flowFY-2023-Q1quarterly————————————311.2M102.4M208.8M3spread
Mar 31, 2023income statementFY-2023-Q1quarterly7.34B—1.25B373.5M299.6M4.314.31————————3spread
Dec 31, 2022balance sheetFY-2022-Q4quarterly———————106.5M14.11B9.94B04.17B———3spread
Dec 31, 2022cash flowFY-2022-Q4quarterly————————————250.6M86.8M163.8M3spread
Dec 31, 2022cash flowFY-2022-Q4annual————————————1.46B282.5M1.18B3spread
Dec 31, 2022income statementFY-2022-Q4quarterly7.01B—1.18B335.5M299.3M4.014.01————————3spread

Financial metric history

PeriodRevenue growthGross marginOperating marginNet marginROEROIC
Jun 30, 2026+5.98%+15.94%+3.97%+3.07%+4.48%+10.87%

Earnings history

These are SEC-reported financial facts grouped by fiscal period. The displayed date is the SEC filing/observation date, not a verified earnings announcement or release date. Use the company’s investor-relations calendar for confirmed earnings-release timing.

SEC filing / observation dateFiscal periodEPS reportedEPS estimateRevenue reportedRevenue estimate
Jul 30, 2026Q23.96—8.51B—
Apr 30, 2026Q13.56—7.86B—
Feb 27, 2026FY2.83—7.77B—
Oct 30, 2025Q33.23—7.7B—
Jul 31, 2025Q23.78—7.66B—
May 1, 2025Q13.66—7.6B—
VALUATION

Stock valuation: P/E, forward P/E and multiples

Multiples shown only when the database has a usable value.

P/E ratio52.33
Price / sales1.53
Price / book2.23
Enterprise value12.83B

Peer comparisons are withheld until a comparable industry group and a reliable peer set are verified.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

News and company updates

Stories linked to this stock in the current database.

GlobeNewswire Inc.Oct 16, 2026

BRODSKY & SMITH SHAREHOLDER UPDATE: Notifying Investors of the Following Investigations: Varonis Systems, Inc. (Nasdaq – VRNS), CCC Intelligent Solutions Holdings Inc. (Nasdaq – CCC), Bumble Inc. (Nasdaq – BMBL), Penske Automotive Group, Inc. (NYSE – PAG)

Brodsky & Smith law firm announced investigations into four major merger transactions, examining whether the boards of Varonis Systems, CCC Intelligent Solutions, Bumble Inc., and Penske Automotive Group breached fiduciary duties by failing to conduct fair processes and potentia…

bearish
GlobeNewswire Inc.Oct 16, 2026

BRODSKY & SMITH SHAREHOLDER UPDATE: Notifying Investors of the Following Investigations: Varonis Systems, Inc. (Nasdaq – VRNS), CCC Intelligent Solutions Holdings Inc. (Nasdaq – CCC), Bumble Inc. (Nasdaq – BMBL), Penske Automotive Group, Inc. (NYSE – PAG)

Brodsky & Smith law firm announced investigations into four major merger transactions, examining whether the boards of Varonis Systems, CCC Intelligent Solutions, Bumble Inc., and Penske Automotive Group breached fiduciary duties by failing to conduct fair processes and potentia…

bearish
Zacks Investment ResearchOct 16, 2026

Penske (PAG) Surges 8.8%: Is This an Indication of Further Gains?

Penske Automotive (PAG) shares jumped 8.8% to $212 after agreeing to be taken private by shareholders Penske Corp and Mitsui in a $16.3 billion deal, with the buyout price 8.6% above the pre-announcement closing price. However, earnings estimate revisions have declined 3.9% over…

bearish
SHAREHOLDER RETURNS

Dividend data and payment history

Source-specific dividend records, with unavailable event dates left blank.

These are SEC-reported dividends-per-share facts. The stored date is the SEC filing/observation date, not a confirmed declaration or ex-dividend date. These records do not establish record dates or payment dates and must not be treated as a dividend payment calendar.

SEC filing / observation dateReported dividend per shareCurrencySource
Jul 30, 2026165,400,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Jul 30, 2026186,200,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Apr 30, 202681,800,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Apr 30, 202692,600,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 27, 2026274,400,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 27, 2026343,800,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 27, 2026189,100,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Oct 30, 2025194,700,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Oct 30, 2025252,700,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Jul 31, 2025123,000,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Jul 31, 2025165,400,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
May 1, 202558,600,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
May 1, 202581,800,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 21, 2025274,400,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 21, 2025154,100,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 21, 2025189,100,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Oct 30, 2024194,700,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Oct 30, 2024135,800,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Jul 31, 202487,200,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Jul 31, 2024123,000,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Apr 30, 202442,300,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Apr 30, 202458,600,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 16, 2024142,500,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 16, 2024154,100,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Feb 16, 2024189,100,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Oct 30, 2023113,600,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Oct 30, 2023135,800,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Jul 27, 202387,200,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Jul 27, 202374,400,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
Apr 27, 202342,300,000.0000USDSEC_XBRL_BULK
RISK CONTEXT

Risk and performance profile

Computed risk/performance records; not a recommendation. Mathematically uninterpretable or extreme ratios are withheld rather than displayed as reliable facts.

Volatility+17.81%
Beta0.56
ATR3.93
Maximum drawdown-20.67%
Sharpe ratio0.7
Sortino ratio0.85
Debt / equity0
Current ratio0.98
Interest coverage4.72
1-day return-0.95%
5-day return-4.81%
1-month return-11.63%
3-month return+5.89%
6-month return+30.60%
YTD return+22.70%
1-year return+13.56%
All-time return+3.84%
RESEARCH EVIDENCE

Source data and research records

Expandable evidence tables keep the main page focused while preserving detailed data.

Institutional holders and ownership

Showing up to 50 recent holder records. Values failing a basic implied-price check are withheld, not silently corrected.

PeriodFiledHolderCIKSharesValueOwnershipShares changeChange %Source
Jun 30, 2026Aug 4, 2026TD PRIVATE CLIENT WEALTH LLC15510177313.06K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 11, 2026Private Wealth Asset Management, LLC18830067112.71K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 12, 2026KLP KAPITALFORVALTNING AS17174434,400787.38K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 12, 2026COMPASS FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT LLC2148724428.12K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 12, 2026RHUMBLINE ADVISERS111541856,80510.17M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 31, 2026KORNITZER CAPITAL MANAGEMENT INC /KS8983581,250223.69K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 31, 2026ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION /UT/109380203.58K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 13, 2026MARK SHEPTOFF FINANCIAL PLANNING, LLC160735510017.9K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 23, 2026Police & Firemen's Retirement System of New Jersey20406868,2341.47M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 24, 2026CALIFORNIA STATE TEACHERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM10810193,677,601Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 14, 2026AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL INC82002747,0268.42M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 13, 2026Pacer Advisors, Inc.16166672,957Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 6, 2026PANAGORA ASSET MANAGEMENT INC8836771,860332.85K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 6, 2026LSV ASSET MANAGEMENT1050470678,533Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 10, 2026IMA Advisory Services, Inc.1455495539.48K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 14, 2026Ancora Advisors LLC144611450089.48K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 13, 2026LOS ANGELES CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC11772067,1131.27M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 21, 2026HIGHLAND CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC8604862,717486.21K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 20, 2026FARMERS & MERCHANTS INVESTMENTS INC1259969162.86K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 7, 2026Covestor Ltd190984635Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 7, 2026TRUST CO OF VERMONT113400822,5854.04M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 9, 2026Perkins Coie Trust Co151303811220.04K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 11, 2026PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION OF COLORADO3152972,230Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 5, 2026Moran Wealth Management, LLC1965334103,42918.51M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 10, 2026NISA INVESTMENT ADVISORS, LLC93761522,6304.05M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 29, 2026Ethic Inc.17805706,0391.08M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 7, 2026BURKE & HERBERT BANK & TRUST CO11012504,000715.8K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 14, 2026QUADRANT CAPITAL GROUP LLC16507171,401250.71K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 12, 2026BROWN BROTHERS HARRIMAN & CO14661111.97K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 23, 2026NEW YORK STATE TEACHERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM3149695,161Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 28, 2026WHITTIER TRUST CO OF NEVADA INC126354826348.65K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 30, 2026STRS OHIO820478704125.98K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 29, 2026NEW YORK STATE COMMON RETIREMENT FUND8102657,2661.3M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 29, 2026NEW MEXICO EDUCATIONAL RETIREMENT BOARD8624694,000Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 5, 2026Janney Montgomery Scott LLC132994864,163Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 12, 2026GEODE CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC1214717282,78550.62M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 28, 2026North Star Investment Management Corp.13428575810.38K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 2, 2026CX Institutional17370897,436Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 14, 2026MetLife Investment Management, LLC15297358,8511.58M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 16, 2026DELTA CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC8937381,730Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 16, 2026YOUSIF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC18587895,502984.58K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 14, 2026Basecamp Wealth Advisors LLC21152549717.36K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 14, 2026JONES FINANCIAL COMPANIES LLLP815917776141.46K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 14, 2026Calydon Capital175927139,6207.09M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 12, 2026Kendall Capital Management17313727,2801.3M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 13, 2026Bahl & Gaynor LLC872259264,79947.39M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 10, 2026Fruth Investment Management14168567,500Withheld: value fails validation———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 13, 2026 NEUBERGER BERMAN GROUP LLC14651097,1861.29M———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Aug 13, 2026ATLAS CAPITAL ADVISORS INC.14341651,288192.58K———SEC_13F_DATASET
Jun 30, 2026Jul 28, 2026Sterling Capital Management LLC132988353195.02K———SEC_13F_DATASET
PeriodShares outstandingInstitutional ownershipInsider ownership
Jun 30, 202665,770,606+9.47%—
SEC filings

Showing up to 30 latest filings. Open the original SEC document when a URL is available.

FiledAcceptedFormDescriptionReporting periodAccessionSEC document
Oct 16, 2026—DEFA14ADEFA14A—0001140361-26-039937View filing
Oct 15, 2026—DEFA14ADEFA14A—0001140361-26-039767View filing
Oct 15, 2026—DEFA14ADEFA14A—0001140361-26-039665View filing
Oct 15, 2026—8-K8-KOct 15, 20260001140361-26-039664View filing
Oct 15, 2026—8-K8-KOct 15, 20260001140361-26-039661View filing
Sep 3, 2026—4FORM 4Sep 1, 20260001628280-26-060467View filing
Sep 3, 2026—4FORM 4Sep 1, 20260001628280-26-060464View filing
Sep 3, 2026—4FORM 4Sep 1, 20260001628280-26-060461View filing
Sep 3, 2026—4FORM 4Sep 1, 20260001628280-26-060460View filing
Sep 3, 2026—4FORM 4Sep 1, 20260001628280-26-060455View filing
Sep 3, 2026—4FORM 4Sep 1, 20260001628280-26-060453View filing
Aug 10, 2026—8-K8-KAug 10, 20260001628280-26-055334View filing
Jul 30, 2026—10-Q10-QJun 30, 20260001628280-26-051036View filing
Jul 29, 2026—8-K8-KJul 29, 20260001628280-26-050469View filing
Jul 23, 2026—8-K8-KJul 23, 20260001628280-26-049400View filing
Jul 22, 2026—8-K8-KJul 22, 20260001628280-26-049230View filing
Jun 17, 2026—11-K11-KDec 31, 20250001628280-26-043882View filing
Jun 5, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 3, 20260001628280-26-041071View filing
Jun 5, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 3, 20260001628280-26-041070View filing
Jun 5, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 3, 20260001628280-26-041076View filing
Jun 5, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 3, 20260001628280-26-041075View filing
Jun 5, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 3, 20260001628280-26-041074View filing
Jun 5, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 3, 20260001628280-26-041073View filing
Jun 3, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 1, 20260001628280-26-040324View filing
Jun 3, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 1, 20260001628280-26-040341View filing
Jun 3, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 1, 20260001628280-26-040338View filing
Jun 3, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 1, 20260001628280-26-040335View filing
Jun 3, 2026—4FORM 4Jun 1, 20260001628280-26-040332View filing
Jun 2, 2026—144——0001950047-26-005483View filing
May 20, 2026—4FORM 4May 18, 20260001628280-26-036737View filing
Quarterly and monthly research
PeriodResearch summary
Jun 30, 2026Derived quarterly snapshot; AI narrative pending
Jun 30, 2026Latest reported fundamentals for fiscal period FY-2026-Q2. Revenue: $8512700000. Revenue growth: 5.98%. EPS: $3.960. EPS growth: -1.74%. Gross margin: 15.94%. Operating margin: 3.97%. Net margin: 3.07%. Free cash flow: $131800000.
MonthResearch summary
Oct 1, 2026Derived monthly snapshot; AI narrative pending
Third-party metrics and ratios

Showing up to 40 recent metric records and 40 ratio records from the query window. Provider periods, units and validity flags are preserved when available.

PeriodReport periodFiscal yearQuarterPeriod typeCategoryValueUnitCurrencyValidSource
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262semiannualselling_general_and_administrative-1,939,600,000—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantcommon_stock0—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantnoncontrolling_interests18,100,000—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantpreferred_stock0—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantshort_term_borrowings4,365,100,000—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyfx_effect-400,000—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlygain_loss_on_sale_of_property_and_equipment-30,500,000—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyinterest_paid75,300,000—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyother_financing_activities-1,100,000—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyother_investing_activities-1,800,000—USDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantaccounts_payable915,200,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantaccounts_receivable_net1,061,900,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantaccrued_expenses1,017,300,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantaccumulated_other_comprehensive_income-216,500,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyacquisitions_net_of_cash0USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantadditional_paid_in_capital0USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlycapital_expenditures-72,300,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantcash_and_equivalents69,500,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlycash_beginning_of_period83,700,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlycash_end_of_period69,500,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlychange_in_inventory-260,300,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlychange_in_other_assets-10,600,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlychange_in_other_liabilities212,100,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlychange_in_payables_and_accruals_combined-53,400,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlychange_in_receivables21,400,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlychange_in_working_capital_combined39,700,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262semiannualcost_of_revenue-13,719,900,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantcurrent_assets6,511,000,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantcurrent_liabilities6,674,900,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantcurrent_portion_of_long_term_debt377,300,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlydeferred_income_taxes8,200,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantdeferred_tax_liabilities1,207,500,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262semiannualdepreciation_and_amortization-90,200,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlydistributions_to_noncontrolling_interests0ratioUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlydividends_and_distributions_paid-93,600,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262semiannualdividends_per_share2.82USD/shareUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262semiannualeps_basic7.53USD/shareUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262semiannualeps_diluted7.52USD/shareUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262semiannualequity_in_earnings_of_affiliates98,100,000USDUSDYes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262instantequity_method_investments1,974,500,000USDUSDYes3Spread
PeriodReport periodFiscal yearQuarterPeriod typeRatio categoryRatioValuePercentileMissing inputsValidSource
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyleverageinterest_coverage0+0.00%interest_expenseNo3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyefficiencyasset_turnover0.46+92.97%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyliquiditycash_ratio0.01+5.80%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlycash_flowcf_margin_pct2.4+22.99%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlycash_flowcf_to_net_income0.78+35.87%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyliquiditycurrent_ratio0.98+25.89%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyleveragedebt_to_assets0.68+65.23%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlysectordebt_to_ebitda33.03+81.58%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyleveragedebt_to_equity2.17+78.29%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlysectorebitda_margin_pct4.5+20.10%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyleverageequity_multiplier3.17+75.52%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlycash_flowfree_cash_flow131,800,000+67.81%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyprofitabilitygross_margin_pct15.94+8.42%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyefficiencyinventory_turnover1.4+64.02%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyprofitabilitynet_margin_pct3.07+33.73%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlycash_flowoperating_cf_ratio0.03+30.36%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyprofitabilityoperating_margin_pct3.97+30.42%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyliquidityquick_ratio0.21+8.43%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyefficiencyreceivables_turnover8.02+88.01%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyprofitabilityroa_pct1.41+60.86%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyprofitabilityroe_pct4.48+66.51%—Yes3Spread
Jun 30, 2026Jun 30, 202620262quarterlyliquidityworking_capital-163,900,000+14.54%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyleverageinterest_coverage0+0.00%interest_expenseNo3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyefficiencyasset_turnover0.43+88.19%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyliquiditycash_ratio0.01+7.11%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlycash_flowcf_margin_pct2.73+24.88%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlycash_flowcf_to_net_income0.92+44.69%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyliquiditycurrent_ratio0.96+28.07%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyleveragedebt_to_assets0.69+64.91%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlysectordebt_to_ebitda37.86+84.29%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyleveragedebt_to_equity2.22+79.38%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlysectorebitda_margin_pct4.24+25.43%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyleverageequity_multiplier3.22+76.34%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlycash_flowfree_cash_flow152,400,000+69.97%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyprofitabilitygross_margin_pct16.52+10.93%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyefficiencyinventory_turnover1.34+61.40%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyprofitabilitynet_margin_pct2.99+38.22%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlycash_flowoperating_cf_ratio0.03+34.43%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyprofitabilityoperating_margin_pct3.68+35.61%—Yes3Spread
Mar 31, 2026Mar 31, 202620261quarterlyliquidityquick_ratio0.22+10.30%—Yes3Spread
Data quality and provenance

This page does not fill gaps with sample data. Values shown above come from the connected market-data and research tables.

No verified records available for this section yet.
RetrievedDatasetProviderStatus
Oct 8, 2026company_profileUS Market AI / SEC-mapped universeVerified
Identifiers and model evaluation
IdentifierValueSource
cik1019849stocks.cik
tickerPAGstocks.symbol
No verified records available for this section yet.
QUICK ANSWERS

Frequently asked questions

What is PAG stock's current price?

The latest stored quote for PAG is 212.00. The quote timestamp is 10/19/2026, 4:00:00 AM. Prices can change during market hours.

What is the PAG stock forecast and analysis?

The latest available quantitative model signal is “neutral”. Review the forecast horizons alongside the company's reported financials, valuation, technical indicators and risks below; model outputs are estimates, not guarantees or personalized investment advice.

What is the PAG stock price target?

The forecast table shows stored quantitative model outputs for the available horizons. These are model targets, not necessarily Wall Street analyst consensus; a verified consensus target is not assumed unless explicitly stored.

What is the PAG stock price prediction for 2030?

A stored long-term model scenario for 2030 is shown in the forecast table. Long-range scenarios are highly uncertain and should be reviewed alongside the model version and assumptions.

What are the bullish and bearish views on PAG?

A sufficiently detailed analyst-opinion dataset is not currently stored for this stock. The bull and bear cases on this page are conditional evidence-based scenarios, not attributed analyst recommendations.

What is the PAG stock price prediction for 2026?

A verified 2026 long-term model output is not currently stored for this stock. Check the forecast section for available horizons rather than relying on an unsupported target.

Is PAG stock overvalued or undervalued?

The latest stored trailing P/E is 52.33. Those multiples alone cannot establish fair value; compare growth, cash flow, earnings quality, risk and relevant peers.

What is PAG's P/E ratio?

The latest stored trailing P/E ratio is 52.33. P/E compares share price with earnings per share and should be interpreted alongside growth, cyclicality and accounting quality.

What is PAG's 52-week high and low?

The stored 52-week range is 140.12 to 227.00. This describes the recent trading range, not a forecast or a guaranteed support/resistance level.

Does PAG pay a dividend, and what is its dividend history?

The database contains 30 SEC-reported dividends-per-share fact record(s). These do not confirm an ex-dividend date, record date or payment date and are not a payment calendar.

When is PAG's next earnings report?

The latest SEC filing/observation date in this database is Jul 30, 2026. This is not a verified earnings announcement date or a confirmed next-report date; check company investor relations for the official calendar.

How has PAG stock performed recently?

The price chart uses 250 stored daily observations, and the market snapshot includes the latest available quote. Use the chart to inspect the period shown; past performance does not predict future returns.

Is PAG stock in a bullish or bearish trend?

The stored technical snapshot classifies the trend as “bullish”. This rule-based label is based on available indicators and is not a standalone buy or sell signal.

What are the main risks of investing in PAG?

Available risk metrics are shown in the risk and performance section. These metrics do not capture every business, competitive, regulatory or market risk; review company filings and disclosures as well.

Where can I find PAG's financial statements and earnings history?

Use the Financial Statements section for stored statement records, financial metric history, earnings results and estimate revisions. Coverage depends on the data available for this company.

Does US Market AI provide a guaranteed PAG price target?

No. Forecasts shown here are quantitative model outputs, not guarantees or personalized financial advice. Missing forecast values are left unavailable rather than filled with invented targets.

US MARKET AI · STOCK RESEARCH

Data availability varies by company and provider. Missing values are omitted rather than estimated. Forecasts are model outputs and should be independently evaluated.

Research updated Oct 19, 2026 · Research methodology · Disclaimer